What complication is associated with the use of central venous catheters?

The answer encompasses a range of complications that can be associated with the use of central venous catheters (CVCs). Each of these complications represents a significant risk that healthcare professionals must consider when placing and managing these devices.

The risk of significant arterial embolism is present because central venous catheters can inadvertently puncture an artery during insertion, potentially leading to embolism if thrombi or air are introduced into the arterial circulation.

Infection at the catheter site is a well-documented complication. Central venous catheters provide a direct pathway into the bloodstream, increasing the risk of bacterial colonization and subsequent bloodstream infections. Proper aseptic technique and vigilant site care are crucial to mitigating this risk.

Pneumothorax during insertion is another serious complication that can occur, especially when placing a central catheter in the subclavian or internal jugular vein. The needle or catheter can inadvertently puncture the pleural space, leading to air accumulation in the pleural cavity and respiratory complications.

Considering these factors, the answer "D. All of the above" is correct because it acknowledges that CVCs can be associated with multiple serious complications, all of which are important to recognize and prevent in clinical practice.